Gut microbiota as a multifaceted modulator of prostate cancer: Mechanistic insights, therapeutic opportunities and clinical challenges (Review).

Prostate cancer (PCa) ranks among the most prevalent malignancies among men worldwide, emphasizing the need for innovative therapeutic strategies. Studies have suggested that the gut microbiota may markedly influence PCa pathogenesis through mechanisms such as immunomodulation and metabolic regulation. The present review systematically examined the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota, highlighted clinical evidence linking microbial dysbiosis to PCa risk and examined discrepancies in existing research. Additionally, it explored the therapeutic potential of microbiota modulation, through the use of probiotics and dietary interventions, in enhancing treatment responses. Despite emerging insights, challenges persist, including methodological variations and patient heterogeneity. The present review highlighted the need for further research to elucidate the role of the gut microbiota and support the development of personalized approaches for PCa management. The novelty of this work lay in its comprehensive synthesis of current evidence on the role of the gut microbiota in PCa, identification of gaps in existing research and proposal of future directions to advance our understanding of this emerging field.