Pseudocirrhosis due to liver metastasis from lung squamous cell carcinoma: A case report.

Introduction
Previous reports have documented morphological changes resembling cirrhosis in the livers of patients with breast cancer and liver metastases who are undergoing chemotherapy (1–3). The primary features of these changes include a lobular liver contour, reduced hepatic segment volume and enlargement of the caudate lobe. In 1994, Young et al (1) reclassified this condition as ‘pseudocirrhosis’ based on its clinical and imaging features. Subsequently, as reports of pseudocirrhosis cases in breast cancer and other cancers increased, it drew the attention of clinicians. In addition to cases in patients with breast cancer, pseudocirrhosis has also been reported in other tumors. For example, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, esophageal cancer, lung adenocarcinoma, gastric cancer, neuroendocrine cancer, thyroid cancer and melanoma (4–12). Research on pseudocirrhosis primarily relies on case reports and small-sample observational studies; its incidence and pathogenesis remain incompletely understood. Currently, there are no definitive diagnostic criteria for pseudocirrhosis, and most diagnoses are based on imaging studies. There is no specific treatment for pseudocirrhosis. When pseudocirrhosis occurs, chemotherapy drugs should be discontinued immediately. If ascites develops, symptomatic management should be initiated promptly, including diuretic therapy, albumin infusion and paracentesis. The present report describes the case of a patient with lung squamous cell carcinoma and diffuse liver metastases who developed pseudocirrhosis following immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy.

Case report
In June 2024, a 74-year-old man was admitted to Huai'an Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University and The Fifth People's Hospital of Huai'an (Jiangsu, China) with symptoms of coughing, hemoptysis, decreased appetite and abdominal distension. The patient had a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease spanning over 20 years. Computed tomography (CT) identified a 12.3-cm soft-tissue mass in the left lower lobe of the lung, with multiple metastatic lesions noted in the liver (Fig. 1). A biopsy of the lung lesion under CT control was performed. Tissues were fixed in 10% neutral formalin solution at room temperature for 24 h, then dehydrated and embedded in paraffin. The tissues were sliced into 5-µm thick sections. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed using the EnVision two-step method. Both primary and secondary antibodies were ready-to-use antibodies purchased from Henan Celnovte Biotechnology Co., Ltd. The following antibodies were employed: CK5/6 (clone C6H1/C1C8; catalog no. CCM-0983), p40 (clone C3B4; catalog no. CPM-0133), p53 (clone C2H10; catalog no. CPM-0142) and Ki-67 (clone C3G4; catalog no. CKM-0032). All staining was performed using an automated immunohistochemical staining machine (catalog no. CNT360-M2; Henan Celnovte Biotechnology Co., Ltd.), according to the manufacturer's instructions. All section observations and image acquisition were performed using a light microscope (ECLIPSE Ci-S; Nikon Corporation). Immunohistochemical analysis of the tissue sample revealed positive expression of CK5/6, p53 and p40, and the Ki-67 index was 30% (Fig. 2). Based on clinical presentation, imaging studies and pathological findings, the patient was diagnosed with primary lung squamous cell carcinoma. The patient refused a liver biopsy and programmed death ligand 1 testing. The patient was diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the left lower lung lobe and liver metastasis, cT4N3M1c, clinical stage IVB, according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer 8th edition (13). The patient received intravenous sintilimab (200 mg on day 1) and albumin-bound paclitaxel (200 mg on day 1 and 100 mg on day 8) plus cisplatin (30 mg on days 1–3) of each 21-day cycle for 4 cycles. In October 2024, the patient showed a significant reduction in measurable lesions with regard to both the primary tumor and liver metastasis. The mass in the lower lobe of the left lung decreased from 12.3 to 8.4 cm in diameter, while the largest liver metastasis shrank from 3.8 to 1.5 cm in diameter, with some liver metastases disappearing (Fig. 3). Following the aforementioned four cycles of sintilimab and albumin-bound paclitaxel plus cisplatin, the patient continued maintenance therapy with sintilimab (200 mg on day 1 of each 21-day cycle). Tumor status was assessed every 6 to 8 weeks. The assessment included CT scans of the chest, abdomen and pelvis. In June 2025, CT demonstrated a nodular contour of the liver with capsular retraction, mild ascites, and esophageal and gastric varices (Fig. 4). The patient had no history of alcohol consumption. Laboratory tests indicated negative or normal results for all causes of liver disease, including serological tests for hepatitis B and C, and serological tests for autoimmune conditions. The patient refused to undergo a liver biopsy. The patient's alanine aminotransferase level was 57 U/l (normal range, 9–50 U/l), aspartate aminotransferase was 55 U/l (normal range, 15–40 U/l), γ-glutamyl transferase was 185 U/l (normal range, 15–40 U/l), total bilirubin was 27.9 µmol/l (normal range, <26 µmol/l) and albumin was 29.4 g/l (normal range, 40–55 g/l). The patient underwent abdominal paracentesis, with large-volume drainage of ascites, diuretic therapy and infusion of human albumin (once daily, 10 g per dose) as part of active treatment. Over the next 2 months, the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (http://ecog-acrin.org/resources/ecog-performance-status/) performance status gradually worsened. In August 2025, the patient ultimately succumbed to hepatic failure.

Discussion
In 1924, an irregular lobulated liver contour was first noted in the pathological changes of metastatic breast cancer cases. Over the next decades, several reports emerged concerning pseudocirrhosis of the liver in patients with breast cancer and liver metastasis (1,14,15). According to the literature, ~80% of cases of pseudocirrhosis occur in patients with liver metastases from breast cancer (16). To the best of our knowledge, the present study reports the first case of pseudocirrhosis developing after treatment for hepatic metastases from squamous cell lung carcinoma.
To date, there are no definitive diagnostic criteria for pseudocirrhosis. The diagnosis of pseudocirrhosis is based on characteristic imaging findings. The most common radiological manifestation of pseudocirrhosis is the formation of diffuse hepatic nodules, capsular retraction and enlargement of the caudate lobe (17) Some patients can develop features of portal hypertension, including portal-systemic collateral circulation, splenomegaly and ascites (14). Reviewing the patient's medical history and prior imaging studies can help identify pseudocirrhosis caused by treated cancer metastases, while other chronic liver diseases leading to cirrhosis must be ruled out. Portal hypertension is the most frequent complication in patients with pseudocirrhosis. The primary clinical manifestations include ascites, splenomegaly with hypersplenism and esophagogastric varices (18).
The pathogenesis of pseudocirrhosis remains poorly understood. A retrospective analysis of patients with metastatic breast cancer undergoing continuous treatment revealed that 55% of those with liver metastases developed pseudocirrhosis, and all patients with pseudocirrhosis had liver metastases (18). Despite undergoing chemotherapy, patients without liver metastases typically do not develop pseudocirrhosis. Several reports have suggested that pseudocirrhosis may be associated with chemotherapy, as chemotherapeutic agents can induce liver injury leading to nodular regenerative hepatocyte hyperplasia. Studies have also suggested that various chemotherapeutic drugs, such as paclitaxel, capecitabine and doxorubicin, can induce vascular damage, including sinusoidal spherical dilatation, microvascular injury, nodular regenerative hepatocyte hyperplasia formation and long-term fibrosis (2,3,16). Alternatively, it has been proposed that pseudocirrhosis occurs as potent cytotoxic anticancer drugs cause rapid shrinkage of liver metastases, leading to compensatory fibrotic proliferation (19). However, it has also been indicated that pseudocirrhosis can occur in chemotherapy-naive patients, and that it correlates positively with tumor size or progression-related fibrosis (14). Increased nodular regrowth, recurrent tumor cell infiltration and accumulation of surrounding fibrosis cause distortion of hepatic vessels and occlusion of some small hepatic veins or terminal branches of the portal vein, leading to portal hypertension (19). Overall, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying pseudocirrhosis are diverse and sometimes overlap, and they remain incompletely understood at present.
There is no specific treatment for pseudocirrhosis. Whether it is associated with breast cancer or other tumors, when pseudocirrhosis occurs, suspected causative medications should be discontinued immediately. For ascites, symptomatic management should be initiated promptly, including diuretics, albumin infusion and paracentesis (9,11,20). Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is safe and associated with few perioperative complications when used to treat malignant symptomatic pseudocirrhosis, with clinical efficacy comparable to TIPS for benign conditions (10).
The prognosis for pseudocirrhosis is generally poor. In patients with breast cancer accompanied by pseudocirrhosis, the median overall survival time from pseudocirrhosis onset to death was recorded as 7.9 months (21). A retrospective study by Engelmann et al (3), involving 48 patients with breast cancer complicated by pseudocirrhosis, reported that the median overall survival time following the emergence of abnormal liver contours in this cohort was 8.5 months. The onset of pseudocirrhosis in cancer types other than breast cancer ranges from 3 to 17 months (4,8,9,11). Treatment follows the same approach as that for cirrhosis, primarily involving symptomatic management such as diuretics, human albumin infusion, paracentesis and esophageal-gastric variceal ligation.
Early identification of pseudocirrhosis is crucial. Pseudocirrhosis may be a reversible condition. Two cases have been reported where liver function recovered in patients with pseudocirrhosis following active treatment. A patient with rectal cancer and multiple liver metastases developed pseudocirrhosis after regorafenib treatment. Following discontinuation of regorafenib and aggressive supportive symptomatic management, the patient's condition improved after 1 month (4). Another case of pancreatic cancer with multiple liver metastases developed pseudocirrhosis following chemotherapy. After discontinuing chemotherapy and administering diuretics and human albumin infusion, both the imaging and clinical manifestations of pseudocirrhosis were markedly resolved (5).
In conclusion, pseudocirrhosis most commonly occurs in patients with metastatic breast cancer involving liver metastases. Patients with other types of malignant tumors may also develop the condition. Despite being termed ‘pseudocirrhosis’, its clinical significance is comparable to that of ‘true’ cirrhosis. Clinicians should remain vigilant for the possibility of pseudocirrhosis in patients undergoing treatment for liver metastases. Timely identification and treatment of these patients can reduce the mortality associated with pseudocirrhosis.