Integrating magnetic field-initiated thermal-thermodynamic therapy and immune checkpoint blockade to boost antitumor immunotherapy.

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) immunotherapy has transformed cancer treatment by unleashing anti-tumor immune responses. However, its effectiveness in solid tumors is often limited by weak or insufficient immune activation. Herein, an immune-adjuvant strategy has been developed by integrating ICB and alternating magnetic field (AMF) activatable nanoagents to augment antitumor immunotherapy. The AMF-initiated nanoagents are composed of FeO core and mesoporous organosilica shell (MOS) loaded with radical generator 2,2'-azabis(2-imidazoline) dihydrochloride (AIPH), abbreviated as FeO@MOS-AIPH. The MOS shell with SSSS- bonds reacts with reductive glutathione (GSH), releasing FeO and AIPH. The FeO can rapidly heat up under AMF irradiation and decompose AIPH into alkyl free radicals, which promotes cell apoptosis via magnetic hyperthermia therapy and thermodynamic therapy (MHT/TDT), thereby effectively inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD) for subsequent dendritic cell maturation. By integrating MHT/TDT and anti-PD-L1 (anti-programmed death-ligand 1 antibody), the antitumor immune response has been greatly enhanced, resulting in the elimination of the primary tumor and effective suppression of distant tumors and lung metastases. The integration of AMF-initiated nanoagents and ICB provides insights into regulating immune cells through multimodal approaches.