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Botulinum Toxin for the Treatment of Motor Tics in Children: A Case Series.
Tic disorders, including Tourette syndrome, are characterized by brief, repetitive, and patterned movements or vocalizations. Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) has emerged as a therapeutic option for motor tics, particularly when oral medications…
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Botulinum Neurotoxin Injections in Children with Self-Injurious Behaviors.
Self-injurious behaviors are repetitive, persistent actions directed toward one's body that threaten or cause physical harm. These behaviors are seen within a broad spectrum of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric conditions, often assoc…
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Botulinum Neurotoxin Injections in Childhood Opisthotonus.
Opisthotonus refers to abnormal axial extension and arching of the trunk produced by excessive contractions of the paraspinal muscles. In childhood, the abnormal posture is most often related to dystonia in the setting of hypoxic injury or …
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Effective Treatment of Geniospasm: Case Series and Review of the Literature.
[BACKGROUND] Geniospasm is a rare genetic disorder characterized by paroxysmal rhythmic or irregular movements of the chin and lower lip due to repetitive contractions of the mentalis muscle. Pathophysiology is poorly understood, and optima…