Jankovic J ⚠ 동명이인 가능성

Opisthotonus is characterized by backward arching of the trunk, associated with retrocollis, caused by involuntary contractions of extensor paraspinal muscles. Classical etiologies include tetanus, strychnine intoxication, dystonia (particu…

Tremor, an oscillatory movement disorder, is commonly encountered in clinical practice in the setting of a variety of etiologies, such as essential tremor and Parkinson's disease. Despite its high prevalence, treatment options are somewhat …

Botulinum toxin (BoNT) was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1989 for facial movement disorders and strabismus, but since that time its indications have been expanding beyond neurologic and ophthalmologic d…

[BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES] ASPEN-1 was a phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy, duration of response, and safety of 2 doses of DaxibotulinumtoxinA for Injection (DAXI), a novel botulinum toxin…

Tourette syndrome (TS) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by the presence of tics, frequently accompanied by a variety of neuropsychiatric comorbidities. A subset of patients with TS present with severe and disabling sym…

Botulinum toxin is one of the most potent neurotoxins, but when injected into an overactive muscle, it can transiently alleviate an involuntary movement, such as dystonia. The primary aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive review…

[BACKGROUND] Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS), impacting 5-13% of the population, poses challenges in long-term management. A knowledge gap exists in predicting resistance to first-line therapies. [OBJECTIVE] To identify demographic and clinic…

[INTRODUCTION] Tourette syndrome (TS) is a childhood-onset neurobehavioral disorder characterized by tics. Pharmacotherapy is advised for patients whose symptoms affect their quality of life. [AREAS COVERED] The authors review the tic phen…

Self-injurious behaviors are repetitive, persistent actions directed toward one's body that threaten or cause physical harm. These behaviors are seen within a broad spectrum of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric conditions, often assoc…

Though the formation of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) during treatment with botulinum neurotoxin is rare, their presence may nonetheless affect the biological activity of botulinum toxin and negatively impact clinical response. The goal of…

Cervical dystonia (CD), the most common focal dystonia encountered in neurologic practice, is a chronic disorder in which the muscles of the neck involuntarily contract and cause abnormal postures and movements of the head, neck, and should…

[BACKGROUND] Dystonic tics differ from clonic tics by their slower and more sustained nature. Dystonic tics are often present in patients with Tourette syndrome (TS) and other tic-disorders. However, their phenomenology and impact on overal…

Since its initial approval in 1989 by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of blepharospasm and other facial spasms, botulinum toxin (BoNT) has evolved into a therapeutic modality for a variety of neurological and non-neuro…

Opisthotonus refers to abnormal axial extension and arching of the trunk produced by excessive contractions of the paraspinal muscles. In childhood, the abnormal posture is most often related to dystonia in the setting of hypoxic injury or …

Botulinum toxin (BoNT) injections represent the gold standard treatment for cervical dystonia (CD). Different types of BoNT have been used for the treatment of CD, but only two serotypes, BoNT type A (BoNT-A) and type B (BoNT-B), have been …

[INTRODUCTION] Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is one of the most potent and extensively studied neurotoxins with clinical applications across several different medical specialties. This review article explores the latest evidence for therapeut…

The goal of this study is to better characterize the phenotypic heterogeneity of oromandibular dystonia (OMD) for the purpose of facilitating early diagnosis. First, we provide a comprehensive summary of the literature encompassing 1,121 c…

[OBJECTIVE] Blepharospasm is a focal dystonia whereby excessive eyelid muscle contractions cause involuntary eye closure. Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT-A) injections are an approved treatment. This randomized placebo-controlled trial (N…

[BACKGROUND] Task-specific dystonia (TSD) is a form of focal dystonia that occurs in the context of the performance of selective, highly skilled, often repetitive, motor activity. TSD may be apparent during certain tasks such as writing, pl…

Treatment of dystonia and tics continues to evolve. In dystonia, while oral agents such as benzodiazepines, baclofen and anticholinergics remain in use, botulinum toxin (BoNT) continues to be regarded as the treatment of choice for focal an…

We appreciate the commentary on our article by Foster and Beard, both employees of Ipsen [...].…

Motor and phonic tics associated with Tourette syndrome (TS) can range in severity from barely perceptible to disabling and most patients have a variety of behavioral co-morbidities, particularly, attention deficit disorder and obsessive co…

Tourette syndrome is a heterogeneous neurobehavioral disorder manifested by childhood-onset motor and phonic tics, often accompanied by a variety of behavioral comorbidities, including attention deficit and obsessive compulsive disorder. Tr…

Tremor is a key clinical feature of several common neurological disorders. Adequate management of tremor has been an unmet need in clinical practice. Most of the anti-tremor medications have limited efficacy and are associated with undesira…

Botulinum toxin (BoNT) has been used for the treatment of a variety of neurologic, medical and cosmetic conditions. Two serotypes, type A (BoNT-A) and type B (BoNT-B), are currently in clinical use. While considered safe and effective, thei…

Juvenile parkinsonism is arbitrarily defined as parkinsonian symptoms and signs presenting prior to 21 years of age. Levodopa-responsive juvenile parkinsonism that is consistent with diagnostic criteria for Parkinson's disease is most often…

We have recently mapped the in vitro proliferative responses of T cells from botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A)-treated cervical dystonia (CD) patients with overlapping peptides encompassing BoNT/A heavy chain (residues 449-1296). In the …

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) encompasses the spectrum of iatrogenic hyperkinetic movement disorders following exposure to dopamine receptor-blocking agents (DRBAs). Despite the advent of atypical or second- and third-generation antipsychotics wi…

[BACKGROUND] Injectable daxibotulinumtoxinA (an investigational botulinum toxin, RT002) may offer a more prolonged duration of response-and therefore less frequent dosing-than onabotulinumtoxinA. [OBJECTIVES] To perform a phase 2, open-lab…

The therapeutic applications of botulinum toxin (BoNT) have grown manifold since its initial approval in 1989 by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of strabismus, blepharospasm, and other facial spasms. Although it …