Pulmonary microbiota, local inflammation, and tumor progression impact immune checkpoint gene profiles in the lung microenvironment.

Emerging data indicates that the lung microbiota contribute to the initiation and progression of lung cancer. Here, we investigate a wide range of immune checkpoint genes (ICGs) in the pulmonary microenvironment across lung carcinogenesis and explore the interplay between these immunoregulatory genes, the intratumoral microbiota, and inflammatory processes in the lungs. First, we estibalish that ICGs can considerably impact host immunity and efficacy of immunotherapy. Secondly, we identify , , and to significantly downregulate as tumors progress from early-stage to advanced-stage. In addition, the expression of , , and are significantly positively correlated with pulmonary inflammation. Finally, , , and levels positively correlate to immune- and inflammation-associated . Taken together, our study uncovers ICG signatures linked to tumor progression and sheds light on the complex network of microbiota-host immunity interactions within the lung microenvironment. This study lays the groundwork for future mechanistic studies and underscores the significance of microbiota-host immunity interactions for predicting and tracking the response to cancer treatment.