Bioengineering modification and application of bacterial outer membrane vesicles.

Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs) are spherical nanovesicles naturally secreted by Gram-negative bacteria, playing key roles in nutrient uptake, toxin delivery, and the transmission of drug resistance. Recent studies have increasingly focused on the clinical potential of OMVs. Due to their remarkable biocompatibility and immunogenic properties, OMVs offer wide-ranging applications in vaccine development and antigen/drug delivery, showing great promise in the treatment of tumors, autoimmune diseases, and infections. However, challenges remain in standardizing the production and modification of OMVs, limiting their broader application. This review consolidates research on OMV modification and application, aiming to provide valuable insights to advance the development of OMV-based therapeutic strategies and clinical implementations.