Circulating biomarkers: Facilitating the diagnosis and treatment of cancer and other chronic diseases.

Circulating biomarkers are considered powerful tools for early disease diagnosis due to their stability in body fluids and their sensitivity and specificity in disease monitoring. This review provides an overview of the biological functions and indications of circulating biomarkers in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of cancer and other common chronic diseases. It emphasizes the interplay between environmental exposure, changes in circulating biomarkers, and the development of diseases. The chapter integrates the latest research advancements in the classification and molecular mechanisms of circulating biomarkers, their applications in the diagnosis of common chronic diseases, and their role in personalized treatment, aiming to provide a reference for researchers and clinicians in the relevant fields.