Integrating single-cell biophysical and transcriptomic features to resolve functional heterogeneity in mantle cell lymphoma.

Intratumor heterogeneity impacts disease progression and therapeutic resistance but remains poorly characterized by conventional histologic, immunophenotypic, and molecular approaches. Single-cell biophysical properties distinguish functional phenotypes complementary to these approaches, providing additional insight into cellular diversity. Here, we link both buoyant mass and stiffness to gene expression to identify clinically relevant phenotypes within primary mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) cells, using MCL as a model of biological and clinical diversity in human cancer. Linked measurements reveal that buoyant mass and stiffness characterize B cell development states from naïve to plasma cell and correlate with expression of oncogenic B cell receptor signaling genes such as and . In addition, changes in cell buoyant mass within primary patient specimens ex vivo correlate with sensitivity to Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors in vivo in MCL and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, another B cell malignancy. These findings highlight the value of biophysical properties as biomarkers of response in pursuit of future precision therapeutic strategies.