Immunotherapy and ferroptosis regulation in thyroid cancer: Novel strategies and future perspectives.

Thyroid cancer (TC) is a prevalent malignancy of the endocrine system, and therapeutic strategies for this disease have continued to evolve. As an emerging therapeutic approach, immunotherapy has demonstrated promising efficacy and a favorable safety profile in select patients with refractory, poorly differentiated, or advanced TC; however, the overall response rate remains suboptimal and requires further improvement. Ferroptosis, characterized as an iron-dependent and lipid peroxidation-driven form of programmed cell death, has recently been shown to engage in complex and synergistic interactions with immunotherapy. This interplay may offer a novel avenue for enhancing the efficacy of immunotherapeutic approaches in TC. This review summarizes recent advances in immunotherapy for TC and highlights the latest findings on ferroptosis-based therapeutic strategies. It further explores the relationship between immunotherapy and ferroptosis, discusses potential combinatorial approaches, and outlines the current challenges and future directions in this evolving field. By integrating these insights, we aim to provide new perspectives and potential strategies for the treatment of TC.