Role of itaconate in intestinal disease (Review).

Itaconate (ITA) is a metabolite produced by immune cells such as macrophages during inflammation or infection. ITA exhibits potent immunomodulatory functions, antioxidant effects and antibacterial properties. The present study aimed to provide a systematic review of the synthesis and metabolic regulatory mechanisms of ITA and its key roles in intestinal diseases. ITA affects inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), colorectal cancer (CRC), intestinal infection and other gut disorders via the regulation of signalling pathways, including the nucleotide‑binding oligomerization domain‑like receptor protein 3 inflammasome, NF‑κB and Nrf2 pathways. ITA also modulates the composition of the gut microbiota and enhances intestinal barrier function. The present study also aimed to summarize the therapeutic potential of ITA derivatives, providing a theoretical basis for the development of novel treatment strategies for intestinal disease.