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Three-Dimensional Evaluation of the Depressor Anguli Oris and Depressor Labii Inferioris for Botulinum Toxin Injections.
[BACKGROUND] Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) injection administered at an inappropriate site or depth can produce an unwanted change in facial animation because the depressor anguli oris (DAO) and depressor labii inferioris (DLI) muscles ar…
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A Cadaveric Study of Dye Spreading: Determining the Ideal Injection Pattern for Masseter Hypertrophy.
[BACKGROUND] Masseter hypertrophy is the main cause of an asymmetrical and squared lower facial contour in the Asian community. Botulinum toxin injection technique is crucial to treat this condition. [OBJECTIVE] To improve injection techni…
- Effect of Needle Sizes 30 G and 32 G on Skin Penetration Force in Cadavers: Implications for Pain Perception and Needle Change during Botulinum Toxin Injections.
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Achieving the Most Effective Hanging Points at the Lower End of the Face for Thread Lifting: Quantitative Measurement of Tissue Resistance in Different Facial Layers.
The thread lift procedure is a minimally invasive alternative to facelift surgery. The hanging point, which the terminal end of the thread is hooked into, is an important component. If it is loose and cannot stabilize the passage when the i…
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Implication of Location of the Ascending Mental Artery at the Chin Injection Point.
[BACKGROUND] Facial proportions can be improved by means of chin augmentation in patients with a receding chin. The ascending mental artery is the main arterial supply to the top of the chin, and arterial occlusion of this artery can result…
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A novel anatomical consideration on the exposed segment of the facial artery.
An understanding of the location and depth of the facial artery (FA) is essential in aesthetic surgery and various cosmetic procedures. The purpose of this study was to clarify the three-dimensional (3D) topography of the exposed segment (E…
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Investigation of the presence and variation of the ascending mental artery: Conventional dissections and ultrasonographic study.
[BACKGROUND] Tongue and mouth floor infarction following filler injections for chin augmentation is a rare complication that has the increase in incidence been reported. [OBJECTIVE] This study investigated the arterial anastomosis between …
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Three-Dimensional Topography of the Emerging Point of the Ophthalmic Artery.
[BACKGROUND] During periorbital noninvasive and surgical procedures, there is the risk of iatrogenic injury to the emerging point of the ophthalmic artery. This study aimed to determine the three-dimensional location of the emerging point o…
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Topographic Anatomy of the Infraorbital Artery and Its Clinical Implications for Nasolabial Fold Augmentation.
[BACKGROUND] Understanding the topography of the blood vessels distributed around the nasolabial fold region is essential for ensuring the safety of dermal filler injections into the nasolabial fold. The purpose of this study was to provide…
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Temple and Postauricular Dissection in Face and Neck Lift Surgery.
Periauricular paresthesia may afflict patients for a significant amount of time after facelift surgery. When performing face and neck lift surgery, temple and posterior auricular flap dissection is undertaken directly over the auriculotempo…
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Novel Anatomic Description of the Course of the Inferior Palpebral Vein for Minimally Invasive Aesthetic Treatments.
[BACKGROUND] The inferior palpebral vein (IPV) receives tributaries from the inferior palpebral part of the orbicularis oculi muscle (OOc). The aim of this study was to elucidate the venous distribution pattern of the IPV for dermal filler …
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Characterizing the Lateral Border of the Frontalis for Safe and Effective Injection of Botulinum Toxin.
[BACKGROUND] The forehead is a common site for injection of botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT-A) to treat hyperactive facial muscles. Unexpected side effects of BoNT-A injection may occur because the anatomy of the forehead musculature is n…
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Clinical Implications of the Extension of Platysmal Fibers on the Middle and Lower Face.
[BACKGROUND] Despite the area of insertion of the facial portion of the platysma being broad and highly variable, the details of its pattern of extension and morphology are not well described in the medical literature. The aim of this study…
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Safe Planes for Injection Rhinoplasty: A Histological Analysis of Midline Longitudinal Sections of the Asian Nose.
[BACKGROUND] Dorsal nasal augmentation is an essential part of injection rhinoplasty on the Asian nose. Aesthetic physicians require detailed knowledge of the nasal anatomy to accurately and safely inject filler. [METHODS] One hundred and …
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Topographic anatomy of the superior labial artery for dermal filler injection.
[BACKGROUND] The superior labial artery, which is a branch of the facial artery, supplies the upper lip area. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution pattern of the superior labial artery and provide precise topographic info…
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Description of a novel anatomic venous structure in the nasoglabellar area.
Injectable dermal fillers are frequently used to reduce the appearance of various facial creases and rhytids. However, venous complications can develop while injecting dermal filler, especially in the nasoglabellar area. The aims of this st…
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The soft tissue landmarks to avoid injury to the facial artery during filler and neurotoxin injection at the nasolabial region.
The aim of this study was to locate the course of the facial artery and to propose "the danger line" vulnerable to vascular complications following filler injection. The entire facial soft tissues were harvested from 14 Thai soft embalmed c…
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Surgical consideration of the anatomic origin of the risorius in relation to facial planes.
[BACKGROUND] Confusion exists as to the plane of the risorius with respect to the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS), the parotid fascia, and the masseteric fascia, which generally are considered origins of the risorius. [OBJECTI…