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International consensuses and guidelines on clinical practices on abducens nerve palsy by the Asia-Pacific Strabismus and Pediatric Ophthalmology Society (APSPOS) and the Academy of Asia-Pacific Professors of Ophthalmology (AAPPO).
Abducens nerve palsy is the most common ocular motor neuropathy, with a population-based annual incidence of approximately 4.7-11.3 per 100,000. It classically manifests as esotropia, horizontal diplopia, abduction deficit and compensatory …
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Histopathological changes of fibrosis in human extra-ocular muscle caused by botulinum toxin A.
We report the histopathological findings in 3 patients where injections of botulinum toxin were used prior to strabismus surgery. In all cases we found evidence of permanent extraocular muscle atrophy and fibrosis.…
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[Rehabilitation of facial paralysis].
Rehabilitation takes an important part in the treatment of facial paralysis, especially when these are severe. It aims to lead the recovery of motor activity and prevent or reduce sequelae like synkinesis or spasms. It is preferable that it…
- [Combined approaches exposing the whole facial skeleton].