A systematic review of the factors associated with lung cancer stigma.

Lung Cancer (LC) has a high amount of stigma attached to it due to its association with cigarette smoking. Individuals with LC often experience externalised stigma from others and internalised stigma such as feelings of shame, guilt, regret and self-blame. This can have serious negative effects on an individual's psychological wellbeing. The current review aimed to systematically examine the factors associated with perceived stigma in lung cancer and how such stigma is measured. Four databases were searched with no restrictions on dates. Studies were included if they used validated measures of perceived stigma and examined the association between LC stigma and at least one other factor. Thirty-four studies were included in the review and a narrative synthesis was conducted. Overall, the findings suggest that LC stigma is associated with a large number of demographic, clinical, psychological, behavioural and social factors, playing a significant role in the wellbeing of those with LC. People with LC have reported both internalised feelings of stigma such as shame and guilt, and externalised stigma such as perceived stigma from others. These results highlight the impact of LC stigma and have important implications for future research and practice. This includes the need for interventions targeted at individuals with LC and their healthcare providers to reduce the stigma associated with LC and mitigate the negative effects it can have on an individual's wellbeing. Additionally, public health campaigns are needed to educate people, create awareness about the causes of LC and increase empathy for those who have a LC diagnosis.