Barriers to HPV vaccination among adolescent girls in India: A scoping review.

Background & objectives The aim of this scoping review is to systematically map the existing research on human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination uptake among adolescent girls in India, with a focus on (i) identifying the current trends, and (ii) examining the challenges and facilitators of vaccine uptake. Methods The review adheres to the scoping review framework developed by Arksey and O'Malley. A thorough search of peer-reviewed literature was carried out utilizing databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Studies published between 2008 and 2025 were assessed for relevance. The socio-ecological model was used to chart and synthesize data, categorizing barriers and enablers at the individual, interpersonal, community, institutional, and policy levels. Results A total of 37 studies were included. Lack of awareness, sociocultural stigma, economic constraints, and insufficient assistance from the health system were highlighted as some of the main barriers. Government awareness initiatives, healthcare provider recommendations, and school-based interventions were found to facilitate HPV vaccination. Interpretation & conclusions Improving HPV vaccine uptake in India requires addressing multi-level barriers with integrated public health initiatives and policy interventions.