Enhanced chemiluminescence aptasensing with triple cascade amplification for sensitive detection of tumor-derived exosomes.

[BACKGROUND] Tumor-associated exosomes hold significant clinical promise as liquid biopsy biomarkers. However, the accurate detection of these rare exosome subpopulations in clinical samples demands analytical platforms with exceptionally high sensitivity and specificity. While conventional nucleic acid amplification-based methods provide considerable detection sensitivity, they are often hampered by time-consuming procedures, operational complexity, and susceptibility to contamination. Therefore, it is imperative to develop practical exosome measurement platforms that combine high sensitivity, robustness, and rapid analysis capabilities to provide reliable evidence-based support for precision oncology.

[RESULTS] In this work, a triple cascade-amplified aptasensor (TCAA) via functionalized gold nanoparticle (fAuNP), CRISPR/Cas12a, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was developed for enhanced chemiluminescence (CL) assay of tumor-derived exosomes without nucleic acid amplification. The target exosomes were initially recognized by CD63 and MUC1 aptamers. fAuNP-conjugated Trigger sequences then activated CRISPR/Cas12a to cleave single-stranded DNA and release ALP. Consequently, the ALP catalyzed substrate to produce CL signals correlating with the concentration of the analyte. By simultaneously integrating the signal amplification capabilities of multiple techniques, this TCAA achieved a limit of detection of 44 particles/μL for MUC1-positive exosomes within 60 min with excellent robustness. Compared with the single- and dual-amplification methods, the sensitivity was increased by 40-fold and 6-fold, respectively. Clinical trials showed that the area under the curve of this approach was 0.96, which was higher than that of the commercialized chemiluminescence immunoassay and effectively distinguished breast cancer-derived specimens.

[SIGNIFICANCE] These findings indicate that the TCAA strategy provides a highly sensitive, rapid, and robust tool for the detection of low-abundance tumor exosome subpopulations without nucleic acid amplification. It effectively addresses the limitations of conventional methods and demonstrates high clinical utility. This work offers a reliable and practical platform for non-invasive liquid biopsy, holding great potential for trace-level detection of diverse biomarkers.