Biomarkers for cancer therapy-related cardiovascular toxicity.

Cancer treatment-induced cardiovascular toxicity (CTR-CVT) represents a significant challenge, with molecular mechanisms involving oxidative stress, inflammation, and direct cardiomyocyte damage. Common treatments such as anthracyclines and targeted therapies like trastuzumab are known to disrupt cardiac function through mechanisms including mitochondrial dysfunction, dysregulation of ion channels, and induction of apoptosis. Traditional biomarkers for CTR-CVT have included cardiac troponins and natriuretic peptides, which reflect acute myocardial injury and heart failure. Recent advances have introduced novel biomarkers such as microRNAs (miRNAs), including miR-29 and miR-223-3p, and proteomic markers like immunoglobulins and cytokines, which offer insights into subclinical cardiac damage and inflammatory responses. High-throughput technologies, including aptamers and proximity extension assays, have further enhanced the ability to screen for biomarkers with increased specificity and sensitivity. Integrating these traditional and emerging biomarkers provides a comprehensive approach for early detection of CTR-CVT, ultimately helping improve patient outcomes in cancer therapy.