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Linarin inhibits survival and metastasis in triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 by downregulating NF-κB p-p65/MMP-9, upregulating Bax, and enhancing Caspase 3/7 expression.

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Natural product research 📖 저널 OA 0% 2023: 0/1 OA 2024: 0/2 OA 2025: 0/32 OA 2026: 0/37 OA 2023~2026 2026 Vol.40(4) p. 1085-1094
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Acar TY, Bulbul MV, Vatandaslar E, Kurt A, Kalender SM, Keskin I

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Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive type of breast cancer that is responsible for most of the cancer related deaths in women.

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APA Acar TY, Bulbul MV, et al. (2026). Linarin inhibits survival and metastasis in triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 by downregulating NF-κB p-p65/MMP-9, upregulating Bax, and enhancing Caspase 3/7 expression.. Natural product research, 40(4), 1085-1094. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2025.2507160
MLA Acar TY, et al.. "Linarin inhibits survival and metastasis in triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 by downregulating NF-κB p-p65/MMP-9, upregulating Bax, and enhancing Caspase 3/7 expression.." Natural product research, vol. 40, no. 4, 2026, pp. 1085-1094.
PMID 40433756 ↗

Abstract

Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive type of breast cancer that is responsible for most of the cancer related deaths in women. Traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures are insufficient to mimic the complex tumour environment, so three-dimensional (3D) spheroid cultures are used to provide a more accurate model. Our study explores the anticancer and antimetastatic effects of linarin on TNBC cell line MDA-MB-231 cells. We conducted experiments using both 2D and 3D cultured cells. Linarin treatment reduced cell viability (2D IC:120.8 µM *** < 0.001, 3D IC: 1949 µM **** < 0.0001 respectively) and migration (*** < 0.001, **** < 0.0001), increased apoptosis, and upregulated Bax and Caspase3/7 protein levels (**** < 0.0001). It also reduced p-p65 and MMP-9 protein expression levels (**** < 0.0001), suggesting possible suppression of survival and metastatic pathways. Linarin also led to a loss of spheroid compactness suggesting interference with its cancer-promoting activities. These findings suggest that linarin could be a promising therapeutic option for TNBC.

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