Advances in imaging in oculoplastics.

Color Doppler imaging, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging are the most precious imaging tools for the clinician in the field of oculoplastics. Orbital and facial vasculature, with its dynamic changes and flow velocities seen in orbital varices, carotid-cavernous fistulas, and dural cavernous arteriovenous malformations, is best detected by Color Doppler imaging. Computed tomography remains the dominant imaging modality in the evaluation of orbital trauma. Helical CT axial scanning with multiplanar reconstruction and three-dimensional CT imaging are most helpful in assessing iatrogenic, traumatogenic, and teratogenic orbital abnormalities. Despite its poor histologic specificity, MR imaging provides superior soft tissue contrast, and contrast-enhanced MR imaging has an established role regarding soft tissue tumor infiltration. The greatest value of MR studies in the evaluation of orbital and palpebral tumors is that it has the capacity to show the precise relation between lesions and adjacent structures before the clinician contemplates a surgical approach. Finally, contrast-enhanced MR imaging proved to be a valuable vascularization indicator based upon the extent of relative enhancement within porous orbital implant in anophthalmic socket.