Advanced Multifunctional Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles: from Tissue Repair to Theranostics.

In recent years, multifunctional bioactive glass nanoparticles (BGNs) have received widespread attention in biomedical applications due to their highly bioactive properties, nanoscale structure, and various functions (tissue repair, bioimaging, tumor therapy, and anti-infection). This work reviews the recent progress of multifunctional BGNs on the physicochemical structure, preparation methods, functionalizing strategies, and biomedical applications from tissue repair to theranostics. The applications of functional BGNs in tissue repair, bioimaging, drug delivery, gene delivery, anti-infection therapy, tumor intervention, and the integrated therapeutic-repair platform are carefully summarized. Through the comprehensive analysis of multifunctional BGNs in terms of structural design, functional construction, and biomedical applications, the systematic references and theoretical support for the multidimensional optimization and precise clinical translations are provided.