Multimodal therapy process engineering mediated by 3D-printed scaffolds for enhanced postoperative osteosarcoma regeneration.

The clinical management of osteosarcoma post-resection presents a persistent dual challenge: reconstructing critical-sized bone defects while preventing local tumor recurrence. 3D printed scaffolds have emerged as a precision engineering solution, leveraging their patient-specific design capabilities and rapid manufacturability to address these competing demands. This comprehensive minireview examines current advances in 3D printed scaffold systems functionalized with multimodal therapeutic approaches-encompassing chemotherapy, photothermal therapy (PTT), magnetothermal therapy (MTT), immunotherapy, chemodynamic therapy (CDT), and photodynamic therapy (PDT) - for synergistic postoperative management. Through analysis of the mechanisms and synergistic effects of these therapeutic approaches, the multifunctional roles of 3D printed scaffolds in drug delivery, tumor suppression, and bone regeneration are discussed. Future development of intelligent and personalized 3D-printed scaffolds is expected to accelerate clinical translation for post-osteosarcoma reconstruction.