Revolutionizing early detection of TNBC: The rise of non-invasive biomarkers and next-gen diagnostic strategies.

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most malignant subtype of breast cancer (BC), which accounts for 10-20 % of BC incidences, and its early diagnosis is pivotal to curing the disease. Tissue biopsies, surgical biopsies, and needle biopsies, currently the preferred methods for acquiring tumor molecular characterization, are invasive and ineffective in capturing the core driving factors of tumor heterogeneity, rendering them incapable of portraying the complete molecular landscape. Non-invasive approaches permit tumor heterogeneity to be studied more comprehensively by sampling biofluids, including blood, urine, and saliva, and extracting tumor components such as circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating proteins, extracellular vesicles (EVs), and microRNAs (miRNAs). We reviewed emerging non-invasive biomarkers; non-invasive molecular imaging modalities coupled with omics and artificial intelligence (AI) for stratification and early TNBC detection. The new diagnostic biomarkers can revolutionize early diagnosis and help clinicians to strategize treatment choices for a better prognosis in TNBC.