Compartment-specific tumor-infiltrating immune cells and prognosis in breast cancer.

Bernstein AJ; Keeman R; Hurson AN; Blows FM; Bolla MK; Miller JL; Milne RL; Horlings H; van den Broek AJ; Bodelon C; Hodge JM; Patel AV; Teras LR; Canzian F; Kaaks R; Brenner H; Schöttker B; Behrens S; Chang-Claude J; Maurer T; Obi N; Couch FJ; Ali HR; Caldas C; Andrulis I; Glendon G; Mulligan AM; Mesker W; Jager A; Heemskerk-Gerritsen A; Devilee P; Lawrence SM; Lissowska J; Mutreja K; Ahearn T; Chanock S; Duggan MA; Eccles D; Jones JL; Tapper W; Hollestelle A; Hooning M; Martens J; van Deurzen CHM; Cox A; Cross SS; Hartman M; Li J; Putti TC; Hamann U; Rashid M; Jakubowska A; Camp N; Cessna MH; Berrington de Gonzalez A; Bialkowska K; Gronwald J; Lubiński J; Yadav S; Lio P; Easton DF; Abubakar M; Garcia-Closas M; Pharoah PDP; Schmidt MK

doi:10.1016/j.isci.2026.114759

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Compartment-specific tumor-infiltrating immune cells and prognosis in breast cancer.

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iScience 2026 Vol.29(2) p. 114759

Bernstein AJ, Keeman R, Hurson AN, Blows FM, Bolla MK, Miller JL, Milne RL, Horlings H, van den Broek AJ, Bodelon C, Hodge JM, Patel AV, Teras LR, Canzian F, Kaaks R, Brenner H, Schöttker B, Behrens S, Chang-Claude J, Maurer T, Obi N, Couch FJ, Ali HR, Caldas C, Andrulis I, Glendon G, Mulligan AM, Mesker W, Jager A, Heemskerk-Gerritsen A, Devilee P, Lawrence SM, Lissowska J, Mutreja K, Ahearn T, Chanock S, Duggan MA, Eccles D, Jones JL, Tapper W, Hollestelle A, Hooning M, Martens J, van Deurzen CHM, Cox A, Cross SS, Hartman M, Li J, Putti TC, Hamann U, Rashid M, Jakubowska A, Camp N, Cessna MH, Berrington de Gonzalez A, Bialkowska K, Gronwald J, Lubiński J, Yadav S, Lio P, Easton DF, Abubakar M, Garcia-Closas M, Pharoah PDP, Schmidt MK

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Breast cancer immune response is important to patient outcome, but the prognostic interaction between tissue-infiltrating immune cell (TIIC) types is not well-characterized.

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APA Bernstein AJ, Keeman R, et al. (2026). Compartment-specific tumor-infiltrating immune cells and prognosis in breast cancer.. iScience, 29(2), 114759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2026.114759

MLA Bernstein AJ, et al.. "Compartment-specific tumor-infiltrating immune cells and prognosis in breast cancer.." iScience, vol. 29, no. 2, 2026, pp. 114759.

PMID 41732488

DOI 10.1016/j.isci.2026.114759

Abstract

Breast cancer immune response is important to patient outcome, but the prognostic interaction between tissue-infiltrating immune cell (TIIC) types is not well-characterized. We evaluated the associations between CD8, FOXP3+, CD20, and CD163 TIICs and breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS). We developed an AI in Halo to score TIIC percentage by compartment (overall, stromal, or intra-tumoral) in 99,051 microarray images from 12,285 female breast cancers. The associations between log-transformed TIIC scores and BCSS were assessed using Cox regression. CD8 and FOXP3+ TIICs were associated with better BCSS in ER-negative disease; CD8 and CD20 TIICs were associated with a better prognosis in ER-positive disease; and CD163 TIICs were associated with a poorer prognosis in ER-positive disease in multi-marker models. These results may have implications for breast cancer immunotherapy.