Genetically encoded biosensors in microbes for Tumor targeting.

The inadequate accuracy of tumor-targeting represents a critical bottleneck in the development of cancer therapies. Tumor-specific chemical and environmental cues that differentiate malignant from somatic tissues offer promising opportunities for precise tumor identification. Genetically encoded biosensors enable autonomous sensing and response to tumor biomarkers, and their exceptional programmability allows for enhanced targeting accuracy. This review depicted tumorigenesis and associated biomarkers, including environmental, metabolic, immune and genetic signals. It also cataloged the expanding repertoire of biosensors for tumor-specific biomarker sensing. Furthermore, it details their applications in cancer detection, precision therapy, and disease recording. Finally, it discussed key challenges and future directions for clinical translation. This review provided theoretical guidance for designing genetically encoded biosensors and advancing them into clinical use in cancers.