[Role of human papillomavirus vaccination in prevention of oropharyngeal cancer and recommendations for patients and relatives].

[BACKGROUND] The incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is increasing worldwide, particularly among younger men without classical risk factors. High-risk HPV types are the primary cause. Prophylactic vaccines offer the first effective means of primary prevention, with efficacy demonstrated primarily through the reduction in oropharyngeal HPV infections.

[OBJECTIVE] This article aims to present the current evidence on HPV vaccination for prevention of OPSCC, including vaccination coverage, guideline recommendations, and implications for patients and their close contacts.

[MATERIALS AND METHODS] A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed (2000-2025) on HPV vaccination and oropharyngeal cancer, including systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and cohort and randomized studies as well as national and international guidelines.

[RESULTS] Human papillomavirus vaccination reduces the prevalence of oropharyngeal high-risk HPV infections by 80-90% and significantly lowers the risk of persistent infections. Relatives and sexual partners of OPSCC patients have a mildly increased risk of HPV-associated malignancies. Vaccination coverage in Germany is particularly low among boys; therapeutic HPV vaccines are currently being investigated in clinical trials. Modeling studies indicate that substantial reductions in the OPSCC incidence can only be achieved with significantly higher vaccination rates than those currently seen in Germany.

[CONCLUSION] Human papillomavirus vaccination is an effective tool for primary prevention of oropharyngeal infections and, indirectly, OPSCC. Sustainable impact requires gender-neutral and easily accessible vaccination programs, targeted inclusion of close contacts, and further research into therapeutic vaccination strategies.