Botulinum toxin for refractory Raynaud's phenomenon: A "how to" guide for pediatric patients.
Abstract
Raynaud's phenomenon describes symptoms caused by digital vascular spasm and is classically induced by cold exposure. Severe cases can result in ulceration, necrosis, and digital autoamputation. When standard and adjunctive medical therapies fail or are contraindicated, botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) is an effective treatment option that can be added to existing regimens and should be considered before utilizing rescue therapies associated with higher risk and often higher cost. This report describes our technique, highlights considerations relevant to pediatric patients, and provides photos and videos of the procedure performed on a 16-year-old girl.
추출된 의학 개체 (NER)
| 유형 | 영어 표현 | 한국어 / 풀이 | UMLS CUI | 출처 | 등장 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 시술 | botulinum toxin
|
보툴리눔독소 주사 | dict | 2 | |
| 합병증 | necrosis
|
괴사 | dict | 1 |
MeSH Terms
Female; Humans; Child; Adolescent; Botulinum Toxins, Type A; Treatment Outcome; Skin Ulcer; Raynaud Disease; Necrosis
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