The Principles and Practice of Primary Endonasal Rhinoplasty.

The purpose of this article is to provide a guide for plastic surgeons, regardless of experience level, seeking to improve his/her endonasal rhinoplasty skills and comfort level. We have presented the advantages of our technique and its unifying principles and demonstrated how endonasal rhinoplasty can be used to achieve safe, anatomical, and predictable outcomes. Endonasal rhinoplasty is a separate thought process from open rhinoplasty and should not be viewed as a competing but rather parallel technique that is broadly applicable to many nasal deformities.We have described the basic goals of all rhinoplasties and highlighted 2 false assumptions that are responsible for most adverse rhinoplasty outcomes and 4 anatomical deficits that surgeons must recognize preoperatively to maximize function, proportion, and contour. Finally, the majority of primary rhinoplasties can be performed with 1 of 2 operative strategies that depend on the relationship of the dorsum to the lower nose. Because surgeons often presume that they will not be able to "see well enough" in endonasal rhinoplasty or worry they have not been adequately trained in the technique, we have provided a step-by-step guide to help overcome such fears and help these surgeons to achieve results that will exceed their patients' goals.