Plastic Surgery and Cosmetic Procedures: Facial Plastic Surgery.

Facial plastic surgery deals with improving the form, function, and appearance of the face. Blepharoplasty (ie, eyelid surgery) is the most commonly performed surgical procedure in men and women 65 years and older. It has been shown to be effective for improving attractiveness and eyelid function (eg, improved visual field). Indications for upper and lower eyelid surgery include aesthetic concerns, ptosis, and peripheral field vision impairment. Facelift procedures resuspend, reposition, and release underlying facial structures and excise excess skin to improve the appearance of the face. Facelifts mainly involve manipulation of the superficial musculo-aponeurotic system (SMAS), a group of muscles in the lateral face. Types of facelifts include subcutaneous facelift with SMAS manipulation to allow for facial shaping of the deep soft tissue. Such manipulation can include SMAS-ectomy, SMAS plication, and SMAS flap creation. Deep plane facelift involves the SMAS and release of the facial and cervical retaining ligaments. Hematoma is a common serious complication of facelifts. Less common complications include skin flap necrosis, nerve damage, and scarring. Rhinoplasty is another commonly performed facial surgery. The two main forms are open rhinoplasty and closed rhinoplasty.