Discovery of novel biphenyl compounds bearing hydroxamic acid moiety as the first PD-L1/class I HDACs dual inhibitors.

Herein, we firstly reported a series of biphenyl compounds bearing hydroxamic acid moiety as PD-L1/class I HDACs dual inhibitors. Among them, compound displayed the strongest inhibitory activity against HDAC2 and HDAC3 with IC values of 27.98 nM and 14.47 nM, and had an IC value of 88.10 nM for PD-1/PD-L1 interaction. Importantly, could upregulate the expression of PD-L1 and CXCL10 in a PD-L1 low-expression cancer cell line (MCF-7), highlighting the potential to enhance efficacy by recruiting T-cell infiltration into TME and improving the response of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor associated with PD-L1 low-expression. Besides, we identified another compound, , which possessed the strongest inhibitory activity against PD-1/PD-L1 interaction with an IC value of 12.47 nM, and effectively inhibited the proliferation of three cancer cell lines. Our results suggest that compounds and can be served as lead compounds of PD-L1/class I HDACs dual inhibitors for further optimisation.