Efficient convolutional neural networks for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia prediction in computer vision.

A dangerous hematological malignancy, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has a survival rate that is drastically affected by how long it takes to diagnose the disease. Though convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have improved medical imaging, the clinical dependability of most previous research is limited due to their reliance on single models, imbalance in the datasets, and absence of statistical validation. This study proposes an ensemble framework integrating pre-trained CNNs (DenseNet-121, ResNet-34) for feature extraction with machine learning classifiers-Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Random Forest (RF), AdaBoost, and Backpropagation Network (BPN). Experiments on the C-NMC leukemia dataset (10,661 images) show that the ensemble achieves 92.5% accuracy and 93.1% F1-score, outperforming DenseNet-121 and ResNet-34 by 5.6% and 6.3%, respectively. The model also records the highest AUC (0.975) across classifiers. Statistical tests (t-test, Wilcoxon) confirm that the improvements are significant (p < 0.05). The proposed method demonstrates practical potential as an automated clinical decision-support tool, reducing manual interpretation errors and expediting diagnosis. By combining CNN-based deep features with ensemble machine learning, the framework improves robustness, sensitivity, and applicability in real-world hematology workflows.