Nanomedicine in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive malignancy with increasing incidence and mortality rates, highlighting the urgent need for early diagnosis and treatment. However, early diagnosis of PDAC is extremely challenging due to the atypical early symptoms or the absence of noticeable symptoms. As a result, many patients are diagnosed with local metastasis, and even patients who are eligible for surgical resection have a high postoperative recurrence rate. Consequently, chemotherapy remains the primary treatment for PDAC. However, the unique biological characteristics of PDAC not only promote tumor progression and metastasis but also often lead to chemoresistance, a significant barrier to successful treatment. Recently, nanomaterials have garnered significant attention as promising materials for diagnosing and treating PDAC, showing great potential in cancer therapy, imaging, and drug delivery. Novel targeted nanomedicines, which encapsulate chemotherapy drugs and gene therapy products, offer significant advantages in overcoming resistance. These nanomedicines not only provide innovative solutions to the limitations of conventional chemotherapy but also improve the selectivity for cancer cells to enhance therapeutic outcomes. Current research is focused on the development of advanced nanomedicines, such as liposomes, nanotubes, and polymer-lipid hybrid systems, aimed at making chemotherapy more effective and longer lasting. This review provides a detailed overview of various nanomedicines utilized in the diagnosis and treatment of PDAC and outlines future directions for their development and key breakthroughs.