Prospects and Challenges of Immunotherapy for Thyroid Cancer.

[BACKGROUND] Thyroid cancer generally boasts a favorable prognosis; however, advanced and refractory cases exhibit aggressive characteristics and resistance to conventional therapies, necessitating the investigation of innovative treatment modalities. Immunotherapy, which harnesses the body's immune system to target cancer cells, has shown considerable promise for specific thyroid cancer subtypes.

[OBJECTIVE] This review article aims to encapsulate the latest advancements in immunotherapy for thyroid cancer, examining its mechanisms, therapeutic efficacy, ongoing challenges, and the potential benefits of combination therapy approaches.

[METHODS] An extensive literature review and critical analysis of clinical trial data were conducted to inform this synthesis.

[RESULTS] The review reveals that immunotherapy strategies, encompassing immune checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T cell therapy, tumor vaccines, and immunomodulators, are demonstrating efficacy in the treatment of thyroid cancer. Notably, checkpoint inhibitors have been particularly effective in anaplastic and poorly differentiated thyroid cancers, albeit with challenges such as treatment resistance and adverse effects. The application of CAR-T cell therapy, successful in hematologic cancers, provides a novel perspective for thyroid cancer treatment, although its efficacy in solid tumors requires further study. Additionally, research into tumor vaccines and immunomodulators is advancing, with preliminary evidence suggesting their therapeutic potential for thyroid cancer patients.

[CONCLUSION] The recognition of the immune microenvironment's role in treatment responsiveness is pivotal for enhancing the care of thyroid cancer patients. This review underscores the significance of combination therapy as a means to optimize treatment outcomes and charts a course for future research endeavors to broaden the spectrum of effective treatment options available to thyroid cancer patients.