Progress in targeted therapy for prostate cancer via cell surface proteins (Review).

Prostate cancer (PCa), particularly metastatic castration-resistant PCa, remains a significant therapeutic challenge. Cell-surface proteins have emerged as promising therapeutic targets. The present review examines the biological characteristics of PCa cell surface proteins focusing on major targets, such as prostate-specific membrane antigen, six-transmembrane epithelial antigen 1, trophoblast cell-surface antigen 2, and prostate stem cell antigen. These targets provide the foundation for the development of emerging therapeutic strategies, including radioligand therapy, antibody-drug conjugates, and bispecific T cells and chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy. Combining the latest clinical trial data, the present review discusses the efficacy of targeted therapy, the mechanisms of drug therapy resistance, and combination treatment strategies, analyzing their potential application in the management of PCa and exploring prospects for the development of precision therapy in the future. Additionally, this review aims to systematically summarize the relevant progress in this field. In conclusion, the findings provide a theoretical basis and clinical guidance for molecular-targeted therapy in PCa, thereby promoting further research and applications.