Discovery of a potent C-oxime pachysandra alkaloid analogue promising for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

The Miao medicine "Sanliangyin" is derived from the root of the Sarcococca ruscifolia (genus Sarcococca, family Buxaceae), which has been commonly used in Miao regions to treat malignant tumors. Previous research by our group has identified pachysandra alkaloids as the primary active ingredients in this plant, which exhibited anti-tumor properties. However, the low structural diversity and moderate activity of the isolated alkaloids hampered their clinical application. One of the effective strategies to address these challenges is the introduction of bioactive pharmacophores, leading to the development of natural product-pharmacophore hybrids (NPPH) with enhanced drug properties. To the best of our knowledge, oxime groups that introduced into natural products usually have enhanced the anti-cancer activity. Therefore, to develop more potent pachysandra alkaloid analogues with low toxicity, we synthesized a series of derivatives (7a-7 g) to increase their structure diversity by introducing various anilines at C-3 and oxime at C-20 positions of epiandrosterone. Using the CCK-8 assay, we found that the IC values of the pachysandra alkaloid derivatives against HepG2 liver cancer cells ranged from 0.127 to 1.536 μM. Further evaluation on THP-1 cells showed that, at a concentration of 12.50 μM, the cytotoxicity of the seven compounds ranged from 46.06 % to 100.00 %. Based on cell viability and cytotoxicity assay, we found that compound 7a exhibited the strongest activity against liver cancer cells while showing the lowest toxicity. Network pharmacology and molecular dynamics simulation studies revealed that compound 7a had a strong correlation and good binding affinity with the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Further mechanism studies have shown that compound 7a could inhibit migration, induce mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis, thereby suppressing cell proliferation in HepG2 cells through regulation of Bcl-2 family proteins and the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway.