Artichoke Extract Ameliorates CCl4-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Albino Rats by Regulating the Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/serine-threonine Protein Kinase Pathway.

[INTRODUCTION] Cynara scolymus (Artichoke) is a medicinal plant of significant pharmacological importance, rich in phenolic acids and flavonoids. Therefore, the current research aimed to assess the anticancer properties and potential molecular pathways of Artichoke extract utilizing an HCC rat model induced by Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4).

[METHODS] Fifty male albino rats were randomly allocated into five groups: a negative control group (NCG), a positive control group (PCG), an Artichoke protective group (APG), an Artichoke treatment group (ATG), and a cisplatin treatment group (CTG). Blood and liver tissue samples were collected for biochemical and molecular analyses at the end of the experiment. We also performed histological examination of the liver and an immunohistochemistry assay for the significant tumor marker alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and Nrf-2.

[RESULTS] Our data showed higher liver enzymes in PCG compared with NCG. Additionally, we also found a significant decrease in Nrf-2, CAT, SOD, caspase 3, and caspase 9 levels and up-regulation of AKT and PI3K in the PCG relative to the negative control group. On the other hand, our findings suggest that Artichoke extract holds protective and therapeutic potential for effectively treating HCC induced by CCl4, especially in the APG.

[DISCUSSION] Our findings imply that the impressive antioxidant, apoptotic, and anticancer capabilities of Artichoke extract are due to the combination of the phenolic acids and flavonoids. Consequently, it is advisable to incorporate artichoke as a dietary supplement for individuals with chronic liver conditions.

[CONCLUSION] We conclude that the up-regulation of the Caspase 3 and Caspase 9 pathways and the suppression of PI3K/AKT signalling pathways may be the mechanisms behind the anti-tumor actions of artichoke extract.