Harnessing Proteogenomics to Advance Precision Oncology: From Melanoma and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Perspective.

[PURPOSE OF REVIEW] Genomic profiling has significantly advanced precision oncology; however, relying solely on genome-driven approaches is often insufficient to capture the full molecular complexity of cancer. Proteogenomics integrates proteomics, transcriptomics, and genomic analyses to provide a more holistic view of tumor biology by revealing how genetic alterations translate into functional consequences at the protein level.

[RECENT FINDINGS] This multidimensional framework enhances the ability to identify clinically actionable biomarkers, uncover dysregulated pathways, and understand tumor heterogeneity with greater precision. By advancing tumor molecular profiling, proteogenomics offers the potential to refine tumor classification, improve diagnostic accuracy, and better tailor therapeutic strategies to individual patient needs. This review examines the expanding role of proteogenomics as an essential tool in personalized cancer management. Key analytical platforms, including mass spectrometry–based proteomics and phosphoproteomics, next-generation sequencing, and integrative computational pipelines, are discussed.

[SUMMARY] We also highlight illustrative applications across diverse malignancies, including melanoma and hepatocarcinoma (HCC), where proteogenomic insights have informed therapeutic decision-making, revealed novel drug targets, and improved understanding of treatment resistance mechanisms; challenges and future prospects were also discussed. These advancements collectively highlight the increasing significance of proteogenomics in the evolution of precision oncology and the centrality of integrated molecular profiling in personalized cancer treatment. 

[GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT] [Figure: see text]