subsp. (Wild Artichoke) Extract: Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxicity, Apoptosis Induction, and Chemosensitization in Colon Cancer Cells.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is still a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and often, conventional chemotherapeutics exhibit limited efficacy. The hydroalcoholic leaf extract of subsp. (wild artichoke) was investigated for its anticancer potential in CRC and effects on enteric pathogens. Nine phenolic compounds were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD), and spectrophotometric analyses were applied for total phenolic (TPC: 178.33 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid (TFC: 52.21 mg CE/g) content quantification. The extract exhibited good antioxidant activity on DPPH (IC: 21.35 μg/mL), O (IC: 1.56 μg/mL), and HO (IC: 314.73 μg/mL) and was found to inhibit the growth of pathogenic enteric bacteria, with and being the most sensitive. In CaCo-2 CRC cells, the extract induced a concentration-dependent cytotoxicity (IC: 13.07 μg/mL at 24 h) through increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), upregulation of Nrf2, and induction of apoptosis, as evidenced by elevated p53, Bax, cytochrome c, and caspase-3 levels. No necrosis, measured by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, or toxicity to HFF-1 normal fibroblasts was observed at concentrations up to 50 μg/mL. Additionally, CCE demonstrated synergistic effects with 5-FU (combination index < 0.8). This evidence suggests that CCE exhibits selective antitumor activity and chemosensitizing properties, supporting its possible development as an adjunctive agent in CRC therapy.