Role of signaling pathways in lung cancer development and advances in targeted therapies (Review).

Lung cancer is one of the most prevalent and lethal cancers worldwide, markedly contributing to cancer-related morbidity and mortality. The development and progression of lung cancer involve intricate signaling pathways that regulate essential cellular processes such as proliferation, survival, metastasis and resistance to therapy. These pathways can be disrupted by genetic mutations, epigenetic alterations or environmental factors including tobacco smoke and air pollution. In the past decade, considerable advancements have been made in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying lung cancer pathogenesis. This progress has facilitated the identification of key oncogenic drivers and the development of targeted therapies that have revolutionized treatment options. The present review provides an overview of critical signaling pathways implicated in lung cancer pathogenesis, including EGFR, anaplastic lymphoma kinase, KRAS, PI3K/AKT/mTOR and immune checkpoints. It also examines recent developments in targeted therapies such as next-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies and combination strategies along with their clinical implications. By highlighting the molecular complexities associated with lung cancer and emerging therapeutic innovations, the present review highlights the significance of precision medicine in improving patient outcomes and shaping future treatments for lung cancer.