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Modified approach for pediatric external cricopharyngeal myotomy.
Pediatric cricopharyngeal achalasia is an uncommon but important cause of oropharyngeal dysphagia. Failure of upper esophageal sphincter relaxation is the currently understood pathophysiology. Therapies include balloon dilation, botulinum t…
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Botulinum toxin injection for childhood constipation is safe and can be effective regardless of anal sphincter dynamics.
[BACKGROUND] Childhood constipation is common. Previously, internal anal sphincterotomy has been used for hypertensive/non-relaxing sphincters; however, recent benefit has been shown with Botulinum Toxin (BT) injections. The aim is to inves…