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Trial of Botulinum Toxin for Isolated or Essential Head Tremor.
[BACKGROUND] Local injections of botulinum toxin type A have been used to treat essential head tremor but have not been extensively studied in randomized trials. [METHODS] In a multicenter, double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned, in a…
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Dose per muscle in cervical dystonia: pooled data from seven movement disorder centres.
[AIM OF STUDY] Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) injections are the established treatment in cervical dystonia (CD). But clinical practice regarding the choice of muscles into which injections are made varies between centres. Until now, …
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Botulinum Toxin in WW2 German and Allied Armies: Failures and Myths of Weaponization.
Botulinum toxin is nowadays approved as an effective medication for various neurological disorders. The extreme toxicity of this toxin-inducing botulism, a severe lethal muscle-paralyzing illness, has been well known since the seminal works…
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Anatomo-sonographic identification of the longissimus capitis and splenius cervicis muscles: principles for possible application to ultrasound-guided botulinum toxin injections in cervical dystonia.
[OBJECTIVE] The main objective of this study was to define and verify anatomo-sonographic landmarks for ultrasound-guided injection of botulinum toxin into the longissimus capitis (LC) and splenius cervicis (SC) muscles. [METHODS AND RESUL…
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Frequency of different subtypes of cervical dystonia: a prospective multicenter study according to Col-Cap concept.
Patients with cervical dystonia (CD) may present with head and/or neck movements in the coronal, sagittal or transverse plane. According to the Col-Cap concept, CD postures are classified in torti-, latero-, ante- and retrocollis/caput patt…
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Tremor in Idiopathic Cervical Dystonia - Possible Implications for Botulinum Toxin Treatment Considering the Col-Cap Classification.
[BACKGROUND] Tremor is an important phenotypic feature of dystonia. Using the new concept (Col-Cap) of classification we examined the frequency of tremor in cervical dystonia (CD) patients, their main subtypes and muscles injected. [METHOD…
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Brueghel Syndrome or Meige Syndrome? Two Sides of a Same Disease.
Different eponyms such as "Wood syndrome," Meige syndrome, "Brueghel syndrome," "Blepharospasm plus syndrome" have been used to describe segmental craniocervical dystonias. These facial and/or oromandibular movement disorders are characteri…
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Successive motor nerve blocks to identify the muscles causing a spasticity pattern: example of the arm flexion pattern.
Botulinum Toxin A has been the main treatment for spasticity since the beginning of the 1990s. Surprisingly, there is still no consensus regarding injection parameters or, importantly, how to determine which muscles to target to improve spe…
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Anatomy and cervical dystonia : "Dysfunction follows form".
At first glance, cervical dystonia might be an illustration of the well-known proposition "function follows form". Nevertheless, cervical dystonia is a highly non-physiological condition, which cannot be reproduced by healthy subjects and d…
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The botulinum toxin legend of Reinhard Heydrich's death: The end of "Himmler's brain".
The high-ranking German Nazi Reinhard Heydrich (1904-1942) was one of the main organizers of the mass murder of Jews during the Second World War. He died on June 4, 1942, in Prague after having been wounded in Operation Anthropoid planned b…
- Selection of Muscles for Botulinum Toxin Injections in Cervical Dystonia.