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Cross-Induction of Anti-Complexing Antibodies in Patients Treated with Botulinum Toxin Formulations Containing Complexing Proteins.
Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) formulations differ in their content of non-toxic accessory proteins, also known as complexing proteins (CPs), which may influence immunogenicity. Some BoNT/A products share structurally similar CPs, potentia…
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A Pilot Study of Differences in Antibody Responses of Intradermal and Intramuscular Injections of Botulinum Toxin Type A.
[INTRODUCTION] Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) is commonly used for both medical and aesthetic purposes. However, approximately 3% of long-term recipients develop resistance, potentially due to antibody formation. Injection technique may in…
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Association Between Secondary Botulinum Toxin A Treatment Failure in Cosmetic Indication and Anti-Complexing Protein Antibody Production.
[INTRODUCTION] Botulinum toxin A (BoT/A) treatment failure (BTF) affects patients subjected to repeated BoT/A exposure for cosmetic indications. BoT/A's general formulation contains core BoT/A and complexing proteins. BTF may be caused by a…
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Antibody-induced botulinum toxin treatment failure: A review and novel management approach.
[BACKGROUND] Botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) has been used for cosmetic indications for many decades. Consumption of BoNT/A usage has been markedly increased for a few years. Even new formulations of BoNT/A to decrease immunogenicity have b…
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Development of inhibition ELISA to detect antibody-induced failure of botulinum toxin a therapy in cosmetic indications.
Secondary treatment failure (STF) of botulinum toxin A (BoNT/A) therapy in cosmetic indication has been postulated as production of antibody against active sites of BoNT/A in unresponsive patients. To prove of concept, detection of anti-BoN…