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Botulinum Toxin Vascular Effectiveness: Low or High Doses?
[INTRODUCTION] Botulinum toxin (BoNT) is increasingly recognized for vascular effects beyond its established neuromuscular use. Evidence indicates a dose-dependent mechanism in which BoNT either promotes vasodilation and perfusion or inhibi…
- The Effects of Botulinum Toxin on Vascular Diameter: A Preliminary Report.
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A new protocol (THIS and FAT) for the treatment of filler-induced vascular occlusion: a case series.
[INTRODUCTION] Hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers are generally safe; however, the most significant complication is vascular occlusion. Several therapeutic protocols have been proposed for managing ischemia. De Lorenzi introduced the HDPH protoco…