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Clinical Application of Botulinum Toxin for Hemifacial Spasm.
Hemifacial spasm is typically caused by contact between the facial nerve and blood vessels. Microvascular decompression, a treatment that directly addresses this pathogenesis, is often considered the most effective treatment method. However…
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Endoscopic Botulinum Toxin Injection for Refractory Enuresis Based on Urodynamic Assessment.
[PURPOSE] This study aimed to determine the urodynamic characteristics of refractory enuresis and explored whether those characteristics can be managed through differential endoscopic injections with botulinum toxin. [METHODS] In total, 27…
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Acupuncture as Adjuvant Therapy for the Management of Cervical Dystonia.
There are no curative treatments for cervical dystonia (CD), therefore conventional management is aimed at pain relief and muscle relaxation. Many patients with CD use complementary and integrative medicine interventions to manage symptoms,…
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Measurement of the Area of Corneal Exposure Using Digital Image and Its Application During Assessment for Blepharoplasty.
[BACKGROUND] The normal morphological and functional values of orbits vary according to race, sex, and age. We measured the palpebral fissure using the marginal reflex distance (MRD), marginal limbal distance (MLD), and vertical height of t…
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Natural History of Untreated Hemifacial Spasm: A Study of 104 Consecutive Patients over 5 Years.
[BACKGROUND] The natural history without treatment of a large series of hemifacial spasm (HFS) patients has not been well-documented. [OBJECTIVE] The purpose of this study was to characterize the natural history and clinical outcome in pat…