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Combined Exoscopic and Endoscopic Two-Step Keyhole Approach for Intracranial Meningiomas.
The advantages of neuroendoscopic surgery are the wide viewing angle and the freedom of an axis of view with minimal surgical trauma. With the advent of the exoscope, which has similar advantages to endoscopy, such as a small body and ergon…
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Endoscopic Microvascular Decompression for Hemifacial Spasm.
[INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE] Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is a condition, characterized by painless, involuntary unilateral tonic or clonic contractions of the facial muscles innervated by the ipsilateral facial nerve. HFS starts with contraction…