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Barriers to Long-Term Adherence in Botulinum Toxin Therapy for Post-Stroke Spasticity: Insights and Implications from a Single-Center Study in North Italy.
Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability worldwide, often resulting in spasticity. Botulinum toxin injections have emerged as a cornerstone in the management of post-stroke spasticity. However, despite their clinical efficacy, main…
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Increasing the Passive Range of Joint Motion in Stroke Patients Using Botulinum Toxin: The Role of Pain Relief.
By blocking the release of neurotransmitters, botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) is an effective treatment for muscle over-activity and pain in stroke patients. BoNT-A has also been reported to increase passive range of motion (p-ROM), the decrease…
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Successful Treatment of Post COVID-19 Neurogenic Dysphagia with Botulinum Toxin.
[INTRODUCTION] Dysphagia in post COVID-19 patients could be caused by several factors, including reduced pharyngolaryngeal coordination due to SARS-CoV-2 tropism to the central and/or peripheral nervous system. To our knowledge, this is the…
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Effectiveness of Botulinum Toxin on Pain in Stroke Patients Suffering from Upper Limb Spastic Dystonia.
This observational study aimed at investigating pain in stroke patients with upper limb spastic dystonia. Forty-one consecutive patients were enrolled. A 0-10 numeric rating scale was used to evaluate pain at rest and during muscle tone ass…
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Shear wave elastography combined with electromyography to assess the effect of botulinum toxin on spastic dystonia following stroke: A pilot study.
[BACKGROUND] Shear wave elastography (SWE) is a method for carrying out a quantitative assessment of the mechanical properties of soft tissues in terms of stiffness. In stroke survivors, the paretic muscles may develop hypertonia due to bot…
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Do flexible inter-injection intervals improve the effects of botulinum toxin A treatment in reducing impairment and disability in patients with spasticity?
In patients treated with botulinum toxin-A (BoNT-A), toxin-directed antibody formation was related to the dosage and frequency of injections, leading to the empirical adoption of minimum time intervals between injections of 3months or longe…