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Three players in the 'toxic affair' between botulinum neurotoxin type A and neurons.
Joensuu and colleagues have recently shown that botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) type A exploits a heterotrimeric complex in the presynaptic membrane to bind to and enter neurons using a Trojan horse-like mechanism. Similar processes may be rele…
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Detection of VAMP Proteolysis by Tetanus and Botulinum Neurotoxin Type B In Vivo with a Cleavage-Specific Antibody.
Tetanus and Botulinum type B neurotoxins are bacterial metalloproteases that specifically cleave the vesicle-associated membrane protein VAMP at an identical peptide bond, resulting in inhibition of neuroexocytosis. The minute amounts of th…
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Clinical duration of action of different botulinum toxin types in humans.
The Botulinum NeuroToxin (BoNT) comprises several serotypes with distinct properties, mechanisms of action, sensitivity and duration of effect in different species. The serotype A (BoNT/A) is the prevalent neurotoxin applied in human's dise…
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Practical guidance for CD management involving treatment of botulinum toxin: a consensus statement.
Cervical dystonia is a neurological movement disorder causing abnormal posture of the head. It may be accompanied by involuntary movements which are sometimes tremulous. The condition has marked effects on patients' self-image, and adversel…