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Updates on the Proposed Botulinum Toxin A Mechanisms of Action in Orofacial Pain: A Review of Animal Studies.
Experimental animal models of orofacial pain have been instrumental in elucidating biological pathways underlying the antinociceptive effect of botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A). Although several mechanisms have been proposed to explain …
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Peripherally Administered Botulinum Toxin Type A Localizes Bilaterally in Trigeminal Ganglia of Animal Model.
Peripheral nerve injury leads to sensory ganglion hyperexcitation, which increases neurotransmitter release and neuropathic pain. Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) regulates pain transmission by reducing neurotransmitter release, thereby atte…