Kara M ⚠ 동명이인 가능성

Bell's palsy, or idiopathic peripheral facial nerve palsy, is characterized by the sudden onset of facial muscle paralysis resulting from damage to the facial nerve fibers. The diagnosis is typically established through clinical evaluation,…

This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors   www.springer.com/0…

Application of botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) into the muscles of the head and neck area has become a widespread and reliable treatment modality for chronic migraine. The mechanism of action for BoNT-A is the inhibition of acetylcholine and loc…

To provide a historic snapshot as regards the evolution of headache treatment throughout the human history, i.e. starting from trepanation to perisutural botulinum toxin (BoNT) injections. Ancient surgeons had aimed to reach the cranium wit…

The COVID-19 outbreak is a global problem affecting the world in many respects. In the medical field, its impact on surgical branches as well as clinical branches is inevitable. From the plastic surgery perspective, the COVID-19 outbreak af…

[BACKGROUND/AIM] Thin and flexible flaps are needed for the repair of extremity tissue defects. Serratus fascia flaps are the most suitable options. There are only a few case reports and case series in the literature. We have aimed to incre…

[BACKGROUND] Zygoma is a very crucial component for the anteroposterior positioning of the midface and for the maintenance of facial contours. Zygomatic fractures are considered as the second most common type of facial fractures following n…

The treatment of chronic migraine headache is quite challenging and new alternatives are still being explored for its management. Onabotulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) applied into extracranial muscles has been shown to inhibit the release of acety…

Muscle overactivity (spasticity, dystonia or spasm) seen in certain neuromuscular disorders has been effectively treated with intramuscular injection of botulinum neurotoxins (BTXs). Since they act in the nerve terminals, toxins must be tra…

Intramuscular botulinum toxin (BoTX) injection is the first-line treatment of cervical dystonia. Poor treatment outcomes and some side effects, however, have been reported after BoTX applications. One of the most important reasons is incorr…

The pertinent literature lacks overt technical data for optimal upper limb muscle botulinum toxin injections using ultrasound (US) imaging. Therefore, this guide is prepared for the commonly injected muscles of the upper limb and the should…

The pertinent literature lacks overt technical data for optimal lower limb muscle botulinum toxin injections using ultrasound (US) imaging. Therefore, this guide is prepared for the commonly injected muscles of the lower limb and the pelvic…

[PURPOSE OF REVIEW] On the basis of its various advantages and the relevant awareness of physicians, ultrasound imaging has overwhelmingly taken its place in the scientific arena. This is true both from the side of daily clinical applicatio…

Recently, the importance of targeting structures during botulinum neurotoxin applications has been discussed in a variety of disorders, including spasticity and dystonia. In this respect, the advantages of ultrasound imaging to traditional …

Anatomical variations of the muscles are seen with different frequencies. Although most of them are asymptomatic; in certain cases, their existence requires attention with regard to entrapment syndromes, mass lesions, botulinum toxin inject…

[PURPOSE] In the surgical treatment of saddle nose deformity (SND), costal cartilage is often used. However, it can result in some potential complications such as resorption, bending, displacement, and its appearance under the skin (silhoue…