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Beyond Improvement of Motor Symptoms: Central Effects of Botulinum Toxin on Anxiety and Depression in Focal Dystonia, Hemifacial Spasm, and Blepharospasm.
Cervical dystonia (CD), blepharospasm (BSP), and idiopathic hemifacial spasm (HFS) are focal hyperkinetic movement disorders with distinct underlying mechanisms. While CD and BSP involve central network dysfunctions within the basal ganglia…
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Memory-Guided Saccades and Non-Motor Symptoms Improve after Botulinum Toxin Therapy in Cervical Dystonia.
Cervical dystonia (CD) is a condition characterized by involuntary activity of cervical muscles, which is often accompanied by various non-motor symptoms. Recent studies indicate impaired saccadic eye movements in CD. Local administration o…
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Cervical dystonia and quality of life.
Cervical dystonia is focal dystonia characterized by involuntary movement of the neck muscle, which leads to abnormal head posture. It can be accompanied with pain and tremor. In this study, we evaluated the presence of depression and anxie…