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The effect of intra-articular botulinum toxin A on substance P, prostaglandin E, and tumor necrosis factor alpha in the canine osteoarthritic joint.
[BACKGROUND] Recently, intra-articular botulinum toxin A (IA BoNT A) has been shown to reduce joint pain in osteoarthritic dogs. Similar results have been reported in human patients with arthritis. However, the mechanism of the antinocicept…